Banking

Recovery Process & Enforcement Of Security Interest In India

aaditya.bhatt April 5, 2020 Banking, Corporate, Legal Awareness DRAT, DRT, Read more on "Banking", SARFAESI

DEBT RECOVERY – LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN INDIA

Indian Legal system encompasses varied legal provisions for recovery of debts by the Banks and Financial Institutions as follows :-

Summary suits under Order XXXVII of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.
Ordinary suits for recovery, under Civil Law.
Original Applications to be filed by Banks and Financial Institutions before Debt Recovery Tribunal for debt not less than Rs. 10 lakhs, under Recovery of Bank Due to Banks & Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (DRT Act).
Action under Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act 2002 (Securitisation Act).
Arbitration proceedings under Arbitration & Conciliation Act 1996, for recovery of outstanding amount as under Arbitration Agreement / clause in the loan documents, in cases where the Recovery of Debts due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 is not applicable.
Initiation of criminal action in addition to civil proceedings for prosecution and punishment as per the Indian Penal Code and other laws where debt is also tainted with fraud, cheating, misfeasance etc.
Filing of criminal complaint under Section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 for dishonor of any cheque issued by borrower to the bank in discharge of legally enforceable liability.

BROAD CLASSIFICATION OF THE DEBT WORK OUT PROCESS IN INDIA

Amount to be recovered	Procedure
Does not exceed Rs. 10,00,000/-	Filing simple suit for recovery before Civil Court. Filing of summary suit under Order XXXVII of CPC, 1908. Filing suit for foreclosure of mortgage. Arbitration proceedings if arbitration agreement exists.
Exceeds Rs. 1,00,000/-	In case the “Security Interest” has been created in specific movable / immovable property provisions of the Securitization Act may be invoked to repossess the mortgaged property, without intervention of the court, and sell the same, provided the account has been classified as NPA.
Exceeds Rs. 10,00,000/-	Original application is to be filed before the DRT for recovery of dues. Bank can simultaneously initiate proceedings under Securitization Act as well. Civil court / Arbitrator will not have jurisdiction to entertain such claim.

DEBT RECOVERY TRIBUNALS & PROCESS OF RECOVERY

Debts Recovery Tribunals (DRT) and Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunals (DRAT) have been constituted under the provisions of the DRT Act for establishment of Tribunals for expeditious adjudication and recovery of debts due to Banks and Financial Institutions and for matters connected therewith.

DRT has also been given the power to adjudicate the applications filed by the Borrower/Mortgagor against the action of the Secured Creditor initiated under the Securitization Act

ESTABLISHMENT OF DRTs

The Central Government by notification has established Tribunals known as Debts Recovery Tribunals (DRT) to exercise the jurisdiction, power and authority confers under the Act at:

Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai,

Bangalore, Allahabad, Ahmedabad, Aurangabad,

Chandigarh, Madurai, Coimbatore, Cuttack,

Orissa, Patna, Bihar, Ernakulam,

Guwahati, Hyderabad, Vishakhapatnam, Jabalpur,

Jaipur, Lucknow, Nagpur, Ranchi

Pune.

Establishment of DRATs

In exercise of powers, the Central Government has established DRAT at places :-

Allahabad – Jurisdiction over DRTs functioning at Allahabad, Lucknow and Jabalpur.
Chennai – Jurisdiction over DRTs functioning at Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, Vishakhapatnam and Ernakulam.
Delhi – Jurisdiction over DRTs functioning at Delhi, Chandigarh, Jaipur.
Kolkata – Jurisdiction over DRTs functioning at Cuttack, Guwahati, Patna, Kolkata and Ranchi.
Mumbai – Jurisdiction over DRTs functioning at Ahmedabad, Aurangabad, Mumbai, Nagpur and Pune.

Composition of DRT and DRAT

DRT is presided over by a Presiding Officer, who is qualified to be a District Judge, and is appointed by notification by Central Government.

DRAT is presided over by a Chairperson, who is qualified for appointment or who has been a Judge of a High Court, or has been member of the Indian Legal Services who has held the post of Grade I of such services for at least three years.

The Recovery Of Debts Due To Banks And Financial Institutions Act, 1993

Applicability (DRT Act)

The Act applies to whole of India except State of Jammu & Kashmir.
The provisions of Act applies where the amount of debt due is not less than Rs. 10,00,000/-.
Original Application for recovery of Debts can be filed only by Banks and Financial Institutions.

Applications to be made to DRT under DRT Act

Only Banks and Financial Institutions defined under the DRT Act, (which includes Public Financial Institutions within the meaning of Section 4A of the Companies Act, 1956, Securitization company / Reconstruction company under the Securitization Act), can file an application before the DRT. Normal fees, based on amount claimed in O.A., has been fixed as court fee which does not exceed Rs. 1.50 lakhs.
Summary procedure is adopted by the DRTs for adjudication of dispute. Evidence is taken on affidavit and cross examination is not permitted except in few deserving cases.
The defendants can file counter claim or claim of set off against the claimed amount.
The final order is passed by the Tribunal directing the borrowers to pay the amount. In case, the borrower does not pay the ordered amount, recovery certificate is ordered to be issued against the borrower which is then executed by Recovery Officer of the DRT.

Powers of DRT

DRT has power to:

summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath;
requiring the discovery and production of documents;
receiving evidence on affidavits;
issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents;
reviewing its decisions;
dismissing an application for default or deciding it ex-parte.
make interim order by way of injunction, stay or attachment against the defendant to debar from transferring, alienating or otherwise dealing with the property or asset without permission of Tribunal.
direct the defendants to provide security sufficient to satisfy the debt.

Willful disobedience of powers of Tribunal are punishable under Contempt of Court Act.

Appeal against the order of DRT

Any person aggrieved on account of order passed by DRT may file an appeal before DRAT.

However, the DRAT does not entertain the appeal unless the Appellant deposits with the Appellate Authority, 75% of the amount or such other lesser amount as directed by DRAT.

Overriding Effect

Provisions of the DRT Act has overriding effect over any other law for the time being enforced except :

IFCI Act
State Financial Corporation Act,
Unit Trust of India Act,
Financial Reconstruction Bank of India Act,
Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act and
Small Industries Development Bank of India Act.
The Industrial Reconstruction Bank of India Act, 1984

Applicability of Securitization Act

The Act applies to whole of India.
The provisions of the Act shall apply to Security Interest created in favour of Secured Creditor, except on :-

1. A lien on any goods, money or security given by or under the Indian Contract Act, 1872 or the State of Goods Act, 1932 or any other law for the time being in force;

1. A pledge or movables within a meaning of Section 172 of Indian Contract Act.

1. Creation of any security in any aircraft as defined in clause (1) of Section 2 of Aircraft Act, 1934.
2. Creation of security interest in any vessel as defined in clause (55) of Section 3 of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958.

1. Any conditional sale, hire purchase or lease or any other contract in which no security interest has been created.

1. Any rights of unpaid seller under Section 47 of the Sale of Goods Act, 1932.

1. Any property not liable to attachment (excluding the properties specifically charged with the debt recoverable under this Act) or sale under the first proviso to sub section (1) of Section 60 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.

1. Any security interest for securing repayment of any financial asset not exceeding one lakh rupees.

1. Any security interest in agricultural land.

1. Any case in which the amount due is less than twenty per cent of the principal amount and interest thereon.

Compliance under “The Securitization & Reconstruction of Financial Assets & Enforcement of Security Interest Act 2002” (“Securitization Act”) & “Security Interest (Enforcement) Rules, 2002″(“Rules” )

CHECK LIST FOR ENFORCEMENT OF SECURITY INTEREST IN CASE OF IMMOVABLE ASSETS

SR. NO.	COMPLIANCES	RELEVANT PROVISIONS
1	Bank/FI to give a Power of Attorney/ Letter authorising its concerned official to take steps under the Act.	Sec 13 (12) read with Rule 2(a)
2	Sending of Demand Notice for enforcement of Security Interest.	Sec 13(2) read with Rule 2(b) & 3
3	Notice can be sent by Registered Post or Speed Post or Courier or Fax or E-mail	Rule 3(1)
4	If Borrower avoids notice, service shall be made by affixing the notice in some conspicuous place of his residence/ business and by publishing the notice in two leading newspapers, one in a vernacular language having sufficient circulation	Proviso to Rule 3 (1)
5	If more than one Borrower (which includes guarantor), individual notice to be served on each of them.	Rule 3(4)
5A	In case any reply/representations are received, the Bank to suitably adjudicate upon and decide.	Section 13(3A)
5B	Issue Notice for taking possession of Secured Asset u/s 13(4) of Act .	Sec 13(4)
5C	Take symbolic possession of the Secured Assets	Sec 13(4)
6	File an application before the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate or District Magistrate for taking actual possession of the property	Sec 14(1)
7	Comply with the order of the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate or District Magistrate	Sec 14(2)
8.	Liaisoning with the Court Receiver, Police authorities, etc.
9.	Deposit of fee with Police authorities, if any, in case the police force is to be made available by police station in Utter Pradesh
10	After taking the possession a notice in terms of Appendix IV will be sent to the Borrower, which will also be affixed on the Property.	Rule 8(1)
11	The said notice will also be published in two leading newspapers one in vernacular language within 7 days.	Rule 8(2)
12	Name of Bank/FI to be displayed on the Property.	Rule 8(1)
13	Insurance cover to be arranged	Rule 8(4)
14	Take Photographs	Not specified
15	Security Guards to be deployed at the site of the Property.	Rule 8(4)
16	Valuation of property by an approved valuer before effecting the sale	Rule 8(5)
16A	Serve on the Borrower a notice of 30 days for sale.	Rule 8(6)
17	Obtaining Quotations/Inviting tenders/Holding Public Auctions/ Signing Private Agreement for sale of the property.	Rule 8(5)
18	If sale is by way of inviting tenders from public or holding of public auction, a public notice to be published in two leading news papers one in vernacular language, having sufficient circulation, setting out the terms of the sale.	Proviso to Rule 8(6)
19	Notice and Publications to be affixed on conspicuous part of the property and put on the website of the Bank.	Rule 8(7)
20	Sale other than public auction/tender to be on terms settled between the parties in writing.	Rule 8(8)
21	Sale to be confirmed in favour of highest bidder	Rule 9(2)
22	No sale to be confirmed on less than reserve process. However sale at less than Reserve price can be made with the consent of Borrower	Proviso to Rule 9(2
23	25% of the sale price to be deposited forthwith and balance within 15 days	Rule 9(3) and (4)
24	If balance is not deposited the deposit would be forfeited and the property be resold.	Rule 9(5)
25	Sale of Property to be made effective from execution of Sale Deed	Not specified
26	If the terms of payment have been complied with, the Bank/FI shall issue a certificate of sale in favour of the purchaser	Rule 9(6)
27	The certificate of sale to specify whether the property is free from encumbrances known to the Bank
28	Acknowledgement from buyer of having taken over the physical possession of property to be obtained by the Bank/FI.	Not specified
29	In case the dues of the Bank/FI are not fully met with the sale proceeds of the property, Bank/FI may file an application before Debt Recovery Tribunal or Court having jurisdiction, for recovering the balance amount.	Sec 13(10) Read with Rule 11

Applications to be made to DRT under said Securitisation Act

Any person, aggrieved by any of the measures referred to in sub-section (4) of sector 13 taken by the secured creditor may make an application under section 17 of the Act to the Debts Recovery Tribunal, within forty-five days from the date on which such measures had been taken.
Procedure prescribed under the DRT Act is to be adopted by the DRT for disposal of such applications filed un/s 17 of the Act.

Appeal against the order of DRT under Securitisation said Act

Any person aggrieved on account of order passed by DRT may file an appeal before DRAT.

The DRAT does not entertain the appeal unless the Appellant deposits with the Appellate Authority, 50% of the amount or such other lesser amount as directed by DRAT.

Powers of DRT under Securitisation Act
In addition to the power of the DRT under DRT Act, a DRT has following additional powers:

a.to restore for ordering restoration of the management of the secured assets to the borrower or restoration of possession of the secured assets to the borrower.

b.to order payment of cost/compensation to the borrower if it holds that the possession of the secured assets by the secured creditor is not in accordance with the provisions of the Act.

Disposal of Application /Appeal by DRT/DRAT

Any application made by the Banks and Financial Institutions is to be dealt with by the Tribunal as expeditiously as possible and endeavor is to be made by Tribunal to dispose off the application finally within a period of 180 days from the date of receipt of application.
The appeal filed before the Appellate Tribunal is to be disposed off as expeditiously as possible and endeavor is to be made by Tribunal to dispose off the appeal finally within a period of six months from the date of receipt of appeal.
On practical side the proceedings before may take from 1 (one) year to 3 (three) years depending upon the facts and circumstances of the case.

IMPORTANT PRECEDENTS

Mardia Chemicals Ltd. Vs Union Of India (AIR 2004 SC 2371)

Ratio: The constitutionality of the Securitisation Act was upheld except 17(2) of the Act.

Transcore Vs Union Of India (AIR 2007 SC 712)

Ratio: Withdrawal of suit pending before DRT under DRT Act, 1993 is not a pre-condition for taking recourse to the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002. The Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 is an additional remedy, which is not inconsistent with DRT Act, 1993 and, therefore, doctrine of election has no application.

Central Bank of India Vs State of Kerla (JT 2009 (3) SC 216)

Statutory first charge over property under any law will prevail over rights created in favour of secured creditors such as banks and other financial institutions.

United Bank of India Vs Satyawati Tandon and Others (AIR 2010 SC 3413)

Where statutory remedies are available under a fiscal statute then exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226 by High Court for passing orders, which could have serious adverse impact on the right of banks and other financial institutions to recover their dues, is not warranted

OTHER IMPORTANT JUDGMENTS

Rajshree Sugar and Chemicals Ltd. Vs Axis Bank

AIR 2011 Madras 144

State Bank of India Vs Sharda Spuntex ;

I(2010) BC 562 Rajasthan

Transactions in derivatives, fall within the category of “business activity undertaken by the Bank” as they are covered by Section 6(1) of the Regulation Act . If the transaction in question gives rise to a claim by the Bank, of any liability, on the part of the Company, the Bank may certainly be able to invoke the provisions of DRT Act. Further held that what is expressly permitted by law, cannot be held to be opposed to public policy

BOI Finance Ltd. Vs Custodians and Others; AIR 1997 SC 1952

The non-compliance of the directions issued by the Reserve Bank may result in prosecution/or levy of penalty under Section 46, but it cannot result in invalidation of any contract by the bank with the third party.

ICICI Bank Ltd. Official Liquidator of APS Star Industries Ltd. (2010) 10 SCC 1:

The Hon’ble Supreme Court held that an outstanding in the account of the borrower is a debt due and payable by the borrower to the bank and the bank is the owner of such debt. The bank can always transfer its assets and such transfer in no manner affects any right or interest of the borrower.

Inderjeet Arya Vs. ICICI Bank Ltd., Writ Petition No. 7253/2011

The Hon’ble Delhi High Court held that the action against the Borrower in the Debt Recovery Tribunal is not a suit and, therefore, such Guarantor cannot take protection under Section 22 of SICA.

Effect of the Act on the Economy / Banking Sector
The enactment of the Act has been a major factor in improving the health of Banks and Financial Institutions by enabling the bank to reduce their NPAs to substantially lower level. On account of availability of dual remedy, i.e. remedy under the Securitization Act and DRT Act, the Banks and Financial Institutions have been able to substantially resolve the NPAs.
We have handled close to 600-650 default cases under Securitization Act for various Banks viz., Standard Chartered Bank, HDFC Bank, China Trust Commercial Bank, HSBC, Axis Bank etc. and have successfully recovered the outstanding dues in more than 80% of the cases.

How banks misuse SARFAESI Act provisions for loan recovery

aaditya.bhatt April 5, 2020 Banking, Corporate DRT, Read more on "Banking", SARFAESI

How banks misuse SARFAESI Act provisions for loan recovery

The Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act 2002 is a powerful instrument in the hands of the banks and financial institutions (FIs) as secured creditors. This Act helps them enforce securities held as collateral to loans disbursed by them should such loans turn out as non-performing assets (NPAs) during the currency of the loan without interference from the Courts. Section 13 of the Act gives power to the secured creditor even to evict the tenant. It is our observation that the banks have been overenthusiastic in taking recourse to SAFRAESI Act provisions as a first resort of recovering the micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) loans, mostly violating guidelines of Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

The entire process under the Act involves several factors of fairness and technicalities. During our interactions with the borrowers and banks in the State Level Inter-institutional Sub-committee (SLIIC), we have noticed the banks jumping into coercive actions throwing overboard the due processes. It is surprising that tech-savvy systems of banks have not put in the measured timelines before pressing the red button to put the credit traffic of the MSMEs on halt.

RBI’s timelines are as follows:

If the account does not reflect credits into the account, 90 days preceding the date of balance sheet of the firm. Temporary deficiencies like late/ non-submission of stock statements or balance outstanding exceeding the drawing power, non-renewal of limits should not get categorised as NPA.
If the borrower does not pay three instalments continuously after 90 days but up to 12 months the account becomes sub-standard and NPA. Section 13 (2) empowers the Bank/ FI to serve a notice to the borrower for taking possession of the assets held as security for the money lent by it. But there is precursor to this action: the Bank/FI shall serve notice to the borrower to discharge his full liabilities within 60 days from the date of notice that should also detail out the legal consequences and penal provisions.

Going by these two directions under the Act, the borrower should be getting at least 17 months’ time before the Bank could proceed against the defaulting MSMEs.

If the borrower becomes a ‘wilful defaulter’ as defined by the RBI Master Circular on wilful defaulters vide RBI circular (RBI/2014-15/73 DBR.No.CID.BC.57/20.16.003/2014-15 dated July 1, 2015) SARFAESI Act proceeding can be issued even without notice to the borrower.

Who is a wilful defaulter?

Deliberate non-payment of the dues despite adequate cash flow and good net worth;
Siphoning off of funds to the detriment of the defaulting unit;
Assets financed either not been purchased or been sold and proceeds have been misutilised;
Misrepresentation / falsification of records;
Disposal / removal of securities without bank’s knowledge;
Fraudulent transactions by the borrower.

Banks/ FIs throwing overboard these norms, classify all the MSME NPAs as wilful defaulters to apply the SARFAESI lever. As per the Act, valuation of the asset has to be done and notify that valuation to the borrower before issuing public notice for auction of property. Bank has to give 30 days’ notice to the borrower regarding its right to proceed against the mortgaged property if he does not pay up the entire principal and interest.

However, we have noticed that in most cases all the above timelines are followed more in breach with impunity by the banks. For example, a public sector bank (PSB) proceeded with sale of property within 15 days of declaring the asset as NPA. They have also fixed a reserve price without consulting the impugned borrower or without taking into consideration any objections raised by the borrowers as required under section 13 (3) (A) and proceed for auction of the properties. This is the case with most collateralize MSME NPAs. On top of this, almost everywhere the bank has also engaged agents for enforcing coercive recovery measures.

In quite a few other cases, the banks sold off assets to asset restructuring companies (ARCs). Here the process is that the bank bundles a few NPAs and sells them off at a discount, which is not disclosed either to the borrower or to the SLIIC sub-committee. Although it may be in order for the bank to entertain request of the enterprise under one-time settlement (OTS) within the rules of the RBI, its preference is to transfer to ARC at a far lesser price than OTS would have got to the bank.

What is ARC and how does this operate?

All transactions of securitisation, reconstruction and creation of security interest shall be registered with a Central Registry maintained with the Union Government. Within 30 days of securitising the asset, details of securities have to be filed with the central registry by paying the required fees.

RBI has issued guidelines in 2003 on the form of offer and details to be incorporated therein. The most usual form is the Security Receipt (SR) and an agreement with the originator to continue to service the assets of the securitisation. It can also take the form of a debenture at no less than 1.5% above the Bank Rate. The ARC should notify a separate scheme for each financial asset acquired or proposed to be acquired. Scheme-wise the account shall be maintained. Although Security Receipt is a tradable receipt among the investor institutions there is no such evidence thus far.

Realization of the asset is held and applied towards redemption of the investments as assured while issuing the security receipt. It acts like a trustee managing the assets and does not become the owner of the assets. ARC can sell or lease out the assets for realising the value of the assets. The recovered amount of the discounted price of the asset will be shared between the Bank and ARC in 85:15. For example, if a loan of Rs100 lakh is sold for Rs60 lakh to the ARC and the ARC realises only Rs50 lakh on sale or the entire armoury at its command, the Bank will get Rs42.50 lakh for fully wiping out the account from its books. Once the asset is sold off, it ceases to be NPA in its books.

If the intention of the Bank were to recover as much as possible from the stressed asset, it would be wise to explore OTS as first option within the RBI guidelines. We have noticed that in no more than 5% of cases that this option is exercised as the bonafides in OTS transaction is suspect. It would be prudent on the part of the RBI to ensure that the OTS option is exhausted before going for securitisation and sale of the asset.

The other option is to seek the Banking Ombudsman’s intervention as Arbitrator to settle the distressed asset closure in cases where either the borrower or the bank has reason to believe that a mutually agreed price of the loan would be a better option than proceeding against the asset under SAFRAESI Act.

SARFAESI ACT, 2002- Applicability, Objectives, Process, Documentation

aaditya.bhatt April 5, 2020 Banking, Corporate DRT, Read more on "Banking", SARFAESI

The financial sector has been one of the key handlers in India’s efforts to achieve success in rapidly developing its economy. Since our existing legal framework relating to commercial transactions has not kept pace with the changing commercial practices and financial sector reforms. This ensures the slow pace of recovery of defaulting loans and escalating levels of nonperforming assets of banks and financial institutions.

Applicability Of SARFAESI Act, 2002
Role of SARFAESI Act, 2002
Objectives of SARFAESI Act, 2002
Documents Required
Formation of SARFAESI Act, 2002

Narasimham Committee I and II and Andhyarujina Committee was constituted by the Central Government for the purpose of examining banking sector reforms have considered the need for changes in the legal system in respect of these areas. Amongst the other committees, these Committees have made suggestions to form new legislation for securitization and empowering banks and financial institutions to gain possession of the securities and to sell them without any intervention of the court here.

Applicability Of SARFAESI Act, 2002

The amendment to this Act is “an act to regulate securitization and reconstruction of financial assets and enforcement of security interest and to provide for a central database of security interests created on property rights, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.”

The Act deals with the following:

Registration and regulation of Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) by the Reserve Bank of India
Facilitating securitization of financial assets of banks and financial institutions with or without the benefit of underlying securities
Promotion of seamless transferability of financial assets by the ARC to acquire financial assets of banks and financial institutions through the issuance of debentures or bonds or any other security as a debenture
Entrusting the Asset Reconstruction Companies to raise funds by issue of security receipts to qualified buyers
Facilitating the reconstruction of financial assets which are acquired while exercising powers of enforcement of securities or change of management or other powers which are proposed to be conferred on the banks and financial institutions
Presentation of any securitization company or asset reconstruction company registered with the Reserve Bank of India as a public financial institution
Defining ‘security interest’ to be any type of security including mortgage and change on immovable properties given for due repayment of any financial assistance given by any bank or financial institution
Classification of the borrower’s account as a non-performing asset in accordance with the directions given or under guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank of India from time to time
The officers authorized will exercise the rights of a secured creditor in this behalf in accordance with the rules made by the Central Government
An appeal against the action of any bank or financial institution to the concerned Debts Recovery Tribunal and a second appeal to the Appellate Debts Recovery Tribunal
The Central Government may set up or cause to be set up a Central Registry for the purpose of registration of transactions relating to securitization, asset reconstruction and creation of the security interest
Application of the proposed legislation initially to banks and financial institutions and empowerment of the Central Government to extend the application of the proposed legislation to non-banking financial companies and other entities
Non-application of the proposed legislation to security interests in agricultural lands, loans less than rupees one lakh and cases where eighty per cent, of the loans, is repaid by the borrower

Role of SARFAESI Act, 2002

Objectives of SARFAESI Act, 2002

Efficient or rapid recovery of non-performing assets (NPAs) of the banks and FIs.
Allows banks and financial institutions to auction properties (say, commercial/residential) when borrower fail to repay their loans.

Documents Required

e-Form CHG-1 or e-Form CHG-9 is required to be filed for application of

Registration of creation
Modification of charge (other than those related to debentures) including particulars of modification of charge by Asset Reconstruction Company in terms of Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act, 2002 [SARFAESI]

The documents in this context are as follows :

Particulars of charge
Certificate of registration

iii. An Instrument created for the charge

Copy of the instrument – creating or modifying the charge
Hypothecation Deed
Sanction Letter

In case of any e-Form to be digitally signed, either of the following is required-

DSC of the charge holder
Director Identification Number [DIN]of the Director
Permanent Account Number [PAN] of the manager, CEO, CFO
Membership Number of the Company Secretary

Formation of SARFAESI Act, 2002

Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (SARFAESI) was circulated –

To regulate securitization and reconstruction of financial assets
Enforcement of the security interest for

iii. Matters connected therewith or incidental thereto

It extended to the whole of India.

Amendment in the (SARFAESI) Act, 2002 vide the enforcement of the Security Interest and Recovery of Debts Laws and Miscellaneous Provisions (Amendment) Act, 2016.

The Enforcement of Security Interest and Recovery of Debts Laws and Miscellaneous Provisional information in the Official Gazette, s (Amendment) Act, 2016 was published

It is an Act further to amend four laws:

Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (SARFAESI)
Recovery of Debts due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (RDDBFI)
Indian Stamp Act, 1899
Depositories Act, 1996, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto

CHECKLIST FOR ACTION UNDER SARFAESI ACT

aaditya.bhatt March 10, 2020 Banking, Legal Awareness DRT, NPA, Read more on "Banking", SARFAESI

CHECKLIST FOR ACTION UNDER SARFAESI ACT

Authorized Officer who is given the statutory power has to exercise higher degree of caution and care in following the prescription law while taking action under the Act. Taking action in any other manner than the prescription is not permissible in law. This cardinal principle is covered by Latin Maxim “expressio unius est exclusio alterius”. This is followed by Supreme Court and High Courts as can be seen from catena of judgments. The Authorised Officer may follow the check list for initiating the action. That any error or omission on the part of the authorized officer, makes the action of the bank liable to be striked down by DRT under Section 17 of the The Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act, 2002.

Sl.N.	STAGE WISE ACTION	SUGGESTION/ADVISE
1	Sarfaesi Act poroceeds on the basis that borrower created security interest in favour of bank and his liability stood crystalised on account of his default and his account is classified as NPA	Sec.13(2): Where any borrower, who is under a liability to a secured creditor under a security agreement, makes any default in repayment of secured debt or any instalment thereof, and his account in respect of such debt is classified by the secured creditor as non-performing asset, then, the secured creditor may require the borrower by notice in writing to discharge in full his liabilities to the secured creditor within sixty days from the date of notice failing which the secured creditor shall be entitled to exercise all or any of the rights under subsection(4)
1	Initiation of action begins on service of demand notice	The opinion Supreme Courtin Mardia Chemicals Ltd. &Anr. Vs. Union of India &Ors.:AIR 2004 (4) SCC 311)that the demand notice is show cause is clarified by Supreme Court in (Transcore Vs. Union of India &Anr. AIR 2007 SC 712) as initiation of action
2	How to calculate the quantum of claim amount in the demand notice	Please ensure that, the balance outstanding in the bank’s book and the un-debited portion of interest accrued but not reflected in the bank’s book (on account of status of the loan account as NPA) are added and incorporated in the demand notice. The Authorised Officer (for short “A.O.”) need not approach any Court or Tribunal for determination of the quantum of amount of claim.
3	Demand notice and its contents:	i). Please ensure that the demand notice covers all the details of the facilities granted to the borrower(s), dues and securities and measures to be taken in the event of default as stated in the guide and all the borrowers are addressed correctly as per the records. ii). The Act or the Rules have not prescribed any format of demand notice.
4	Whether action under RDDB & Fi Act 1993 or a suit/ claim already filed in civil court/drt/transferred from civil court, saves limitation for initiating action under SARFAESI Act	Action under RDDB & FI Act 1993 or a suit/claim already filed in civil court/DRT/transferred from civil court, does not save limitation for taking action under SARFAESI Act.
9	Whether action initiated under SARFAESI Act 2002 saves limitation for filing claim for recovery of the unrealised portion of debt.	No.
10	How many demand notices a secured creditor can issue	There is no bar. Any number of notices can be issued provided the security interest sought to be enforced is not barred by limitation.
11	Res Judicata	No application. Action under the Act can be taken any number of times if the secured debt or security interest is not barred by limitation.
12	Service of demand notice: Please note changes in the addresses of the borrowers if any before addressing the demand notice. Change of address of borrower(s) must be obtained in writing. Oral information is not reliable as it is construed as not born out of record. Servedemand notice as contemplated in Rule 3 of Security Interest (enforcement) Rules 2002.	3(1) The service of demand notice shall be made by delivering or transmitting at the place where the borrower or his agent, empowered to accept the notice or documents on behalf of the borrower, actually and voluntarily resides or carries on business or personally works for gain, by registered post with acknowledgement due, addressed to the borrower (or his agent empowered to accept the service) or by Speed Post or by courier or by any other means of transmission of documents like fax message or electronic mail service.
	ii). Procedure where borrower avoids service of demand notice or for any reason notice could not be served.	Proviso to Rule 3(1):Where authorised officer has reason to believe that the borrower or his agent is avoiding the service of the notice or that for any other reason, the service cannot be made as aforesaid, the service shall be effected by affixing a copy of the demand notice on the outer door or some other conspicuous part of the house or building in which the borrower or his agent ordinarily resides or carries on business or personally works for gain and also by publishing the contents of the demand notice in two leading newspapers, one in vernacular language, having sufficient circulation in that locality. Evidence of this exercise is to be reduced to writing (record panchanama). Preserve full page of the relevant Newspapers as the same are required in evidence.
	iii) Service of notice to wife of borrower is sufficient service	If borrower’s marital relationship is not judicially separated or dissolved by order of competent court
	iv). If borrower is abody corporate	Rule 3(2): Where the borrower is a body corporate, the demand notice shall be served on the registered office or any of the branches of such body corporate as specified under sub-rule (1).
	v). The manner of service of any notice Rule 3(3) of S.I.(E) Rules	Rule 3(3): Any other notice [i.e. Possession notice under 13(4) of SARFAESI Act or Rule 8(6) of S.I.(E) Rules] in writing to be served on the borrower or his agent by authorised officer, shall be served in the same manner as provided in Rule 3.
	See Sec.2 (2) of SARFAESI Act.	According to Section 2(1)(f) of SARFAESI Act “borrower” means any person who has been granted financial assistance by any bank or financial institution or who has given any guarantee or created any mortgage or pledge as security for the financial assistance granted by any bank or financial institution and includes a person who becomes borrower of a securitisation company or reconstruction company consequent upon acquisition by it of any rights or interest of any bank or financial institution in relation to such financial assistance According to Sec.2(2) of the Act the Words and expressions used and not defined in this Act but defined in the Indian Contract Act, 1872 (9 of 1872) or the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882) or the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) or the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992) shall have the same meanings respectively assigned to them in those Acts.
3	Inspection of secured assets	It is advisable to inspect the secured asset(s) and find out its/their status / situation.
4	Computation of 60 days	The date of service of the demand notice or publication of the demand notice after affixing it (as stated in the proviso to Rule 3(1) of S.I.(E) Rules) and the 60th day to be expired are to be excluded for computing the 60 days.
5	Representation/Objection: against the demand notice Sec13 (3A). Communication of reply is mandatory in both the events.	After service of the notice if the borrower makes any representation or objection against the demand notice the A.O. should immediately send it to the secured creditor who in turn should send a reply or advise the A.O. to communicate reply to the borrower within “fifteen days” (recent amendment substituted for one week) of receipt of such representation or objection by registered post with AD or Courier. Evidence of communication is to be preserved for evidence. Representation: seeking for extension of time for payment or OTS. Objection: Challenging the validity of the demand notice on various grounds.
6	PROCEDURE FOR TAKING POSSESSION OF MOVABLE SECURED ASSETS	Taking symbolic possession of movable secured assets is not permissible in law. Procedure for taking possession of movable secured assets is different from the procedure relating to the immovable secured assets.
		i). In case the secured assets are movable, the A.O. has to take possession of them in the presence of two witnesses and draw a panchanama, as nearly as possible as given in Appendix-I [ See Rule 4(2) of S.I.(E) Rules] (Evidence to be preserved).
	INVENTORY REPORT	ii). After taking possession of the movable secured assets, the A.O. has to record ‘Inventory Report’ as per Appendix–II [See Rule 4(1) of S.I.(E) Rules] and deliver it or caused to be delivered it to the borrower any person entitled to receive on behalf of borrower. In the inventory report the A.O. has to mention the name of the person appointed by him in whose custody the secured assets are preserved.
	PRESERVATION	To take care to preserve movable secured assets which owner of ordinary prudence would take. In case of factories or stores the secured creditor has to entrust the same for custody of an authorised person or approved re-possessors / security persons.
	INSURANCE COVER	A.O. has to take insurance cover if necessary until sale is completed. Comprehensive policy with a clause to pay the sum assured to the company which would discharge the insurance company against adverse claim of borrower if any.
7	CIRCUMSTANCES FOR IMMEDIATE SALE	There are two circumstances for immediate sale of movable secured assets. 1. If movable secured assets are subject to speedy or natural decay 2. or the expense of keeping such property in custody is likely to exceed its value, the authorised officer may sell them at once. (Issue sale notice but need not wait for expiry of 30 days of the sale notice). AO has to record reasons if necessary by drawing a panchanama in this regard.
8	PLANT AND MACHINERY ATTACHED TO EARTH	Plant and machinery should be treated as part of the immovable secured asset if they are fastened to the earth with cement and concrete as on the date of taking possession. In the possession notice (Appendix-IV) the same must be mentioned specifically giving brief description of the particulars of the machinery vide separate annexure attached to it.
	PLANT AND MACHINERY IF DETACHED FROM EARTH	If Plant and machinery are detachable from earth as on the date of taking possession then A.O. has to record ‘Inventory Report’ as per Appendix–II [See Rule 4(1) of S.I.(E) Rules] and deliver it or caused to be delivered it to the borrower any person entitled to receive on behalf of borrower. In the inventory report the A.O. has to mention the name of the person appointed by him in whose custody the secured assets are preserved.
	VALUATION OF MOVABLE SECURED ASSETS	After taking possession under sub-rule (1) of rule 4 and in any case before sale, the authorised officer shall obtain the estimated value of the movable secured assets and thereafter, if considered necessary, fix in consultation with the secured creditor, the reserve price of the assets to he sold in realisation of the dues of the secured creditor.
8	REQUIREMENTS TO MOVE CMM/DMFOR ASSISTANCE	1. Application making a request to render assistance. 2. List with copies of documents. 3. Affidavit disclosing all the particulars.
9	PROCEDURE IN CASE OF IMMOVABLE SECURED ASSETS	Take possession of immovable secured asses (whether symbolic or physical), serve possession notice (Appendix-IV) under Sec.13(4) read with Rule 8(1) and(2), obtain acknowledgment of service, affix it to secured asset and publish it in two leading newspapers(one in vernacular) having sufficient circulation in the locality.
		If borrower refuses to acknowledge service of the possession notice, then the AO may send it by registered post /courier and preserve evidence and the same may be recorded at the foot of the possession notice and obtain signature of two witnesses.
10	VALUATION OF IMMOVABLE SECURED ASSETS BY APPROVED VALUER	Rule 8(5) of S.I.(E) Rules contemplates valuation of immovable secured assets by approved valuer before effecting sale.
11	APPROVED VALUER:	1.Registered under Sec.34AB of Wealth Tax Act 1957 2.Approved by the Board of the company.
12	RESERVE PRICE	Valuation minus 15% or 20% See Swastic Agency Vs. State Bank of India
13	SALE NOTICE-PERSONAL Rule 8(6)	The Authorised Officer shall serve to the borrower a notice of thirty days for sale of the immovable secured assets, under sub-rule (5)
14	SERVICE OF SALE NOTICE	Sale notice must be served in the same manner as the demand notice and possession notice are served in the same manner as contemplated in the sub rule(1) of Rule 3 of S.I.(E) Rules 2002. See Rule 3(3) demanding the borrowers to pay the debt as demanded in the demand notice and possession notice together with interest
15	PUBLICATION OF SALE NOTICE	If the sale of such secured asset is being effected by either inviting tenders from the public or by holding public auction, the secured creditor shall cause a public notice in two leading newspapers one in vernacular language having sufficient circulation in the locality by setting out the terms of sale, which shall include, – (a) the description of the immovable property to be sold, including the details of the encumbrances known to the secured creditor (a) the description of the immovable property to be sold, including the details of the encumbrances known to the secured creditor; (b) the secured debt for recovery of which the property is to be sold; (c) reserve price, below which the property may not be sold; (d) time and place of public auction or the time after which sale by any other mode shall be completed; (e) depositing earnest money as may be stipulated by the secured creditor; (f) any other thing which the authorised officer considers it material for a purchaser to know in order to judge the nature and value of the property.
16	AFFIXTURE OF SALE NOTICE	Every notice of sale shall be affixed on a conspicuous part of the immovable property and may, if the authorised officer deems it fit, put on the website of the secured creditor on the Internet.
17	SALE BY OTHER METHODS	Sale by any methods other than public auction or public tender, shall be on such terms as may be settled between the parties in writing.
18	SALE CANNOT BE EFFECTED BEFORE EXPIRY OF THIRTY DAYS	No sale of immovable property under these rules shall take place before the expiry of thirty days from the date on which the public notice of sale is published in newspapers as referred to in the proviso to sub-rule (6) or notice of sale has been served to the borrower.
19	IDENTIFICATION OF SUCCESSFUL BIDDER	A bidder who has offered highest prize shall be identified as successful bidder and he has to deposit 25% of the bid amount immediately
20	CONFIRMATION OF SALE BY SECURED CREDITOR	The sale shall be confirmed in favour of the purchaser who has offered the highest sale price in his bid or tender or quotation or offer to the authorised officer and shall be subject to confirmation by the secured creditor
21	SALE BELOW RESERVE PRIZE	No sale shall be confirmed, if the amount offered is less than the reserve price
22	PAYMENT BY BIDDER IN WHOSE FAVOUR THE BID IS CONFIRMED	The balance amount of purchase price payable shall be paid by the purchaser to the authorised officer on or before the fifteenth day of confirmation of sale of the immovable property or such extended period as may be agreed upon in writing between the parties.
23	BIDDER’S NOMINEE	Bidder cannot appoint nominee for obtaining sale certificate
24	FORFEITURE AND RESALE OF SECURED ASSET	In default of payment within the period mentioned in sub-rule (4), the deposit shall be forfeited and the property shall be resold and the defaulting purchaser shall forfeit all claim to the property or to any part of the sum for which it may be subsequently sold.
25	CONSENT OF BORROWER	If the authorised officer fails to obtain a price higher than the reserve price, he may, with the consent of the borrower and the secured creditor effect the sale at such price.
26	PARTIPATION OF THE BORROWER IN THE PROCESS OF SALE AS TENDERER/BIDDER	Borrower can participate as tenderer / bidder to purchase the secured asset in the process of sale
	PARTIPATION OF THE BORROWER IN THE PROCESS OF SALE AS SPECTATOR OR WITNESS	Borrower cannot participate as spectator or witness in the process of sale
27	SALE CRTIFICATE	On confirmation of sale by the secured creditor and if the terms of payment have been complied with, the authorised officer exercising the power of sale shall issue a certificate of sale of the immovable property in favour of the purchaser in the Form given in Appendix V to these rules. (Note: The sale is caused under the Act in “as it is what it is and where it is basis. Hence the S.I.(E) Rules devised the sale certificate. Sale Certificate does not contain any indemnity clause as in case of sale deed and the rule “sans recourse” is not applicable to the sale i.e. the secured creditor is not answerable for any defects in the title to the secured asset sold). The sale certificate shall be the prima facie evidence of title of the purchaser
28	ENCUMBERANCES	The purchaser has to deposit the encumbrances if any in respect of the secured asset sold. Where the immovable property sold is subject to any encumbrances, the authorised officer may, if he thinks fit, allow the purchaser to deposit with him the money required to discharge the encumbrances and any interest due thereon together with such additional amount that may be sufficient to meet the contingencies or further cost, expenses and interest as may be determined by him.
29	NOTICE TO PERSONS INTERESTED IN THE AMOUNT OF (CROWN DEBTS) ENCUMBRANCES	On such deposit of money for discharge of the encumbrances, the authorised officer shall issue notices to the persons interested in or entitled to the money deposited with him and take steps to make, the payment accordingly
30	NON PRIORITY DUES	The following are not crown debts: 1.Electricity dues 2.Custom & Excise Duty 3.Income Tax dues prior to creation of mortgage
31	PAMENT OF SURPLUS TO THE PURCHASER	Provided that if after meeting the cost of removing encumbrances and contingencies there is any surplus available out of money deposited by the purchaser such surplus shall be paid to the purchaser within fifteen day, from date of finalisation of the sale.

What went wrong with Yes Bank?

aaditya.bhatt March 10, 2020 Banking, Corporate, Legal Awareness NPA, Read more on "Banking", YesBank

In this article we will discuss wrong with Yes Bank? We know the ongoing troubles with Yes Bank but in this article we aim to discuss the reasons behind what went wrong with Yes Bank. Yes Bank’s problems started two years ago, when the regulator forced it to disclose that nonperforming loans were $630 million more than the $113 million reported in the company’s audited accounts for the year ended in March 2016. The divergence widened to almost $1 billion a year later.

Account holders queue up outside Yes Bank to withdraw money, in Mumbai, Saturday, March 7, 2020. (Credit: PTI) — Account holders queue up outside Yes Bank to withdraw money, in Mumbai, Saturday, March 7, 2020.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on March 5 placed Yes Bank under moratorium and restricted withdrawals to a maximum of Rs 50,000, sending its customers into a wave of confusion and panic.

Shares of the lender fell to its lowest on Friday, at Rs 5.65 a share, down by over 84% in intraday trading before paring losses and closing at Rs 16.15 on the NSE. Depositers queued up to withdraw their money and fintech platforms partnered with the bank suffered outages and suspended their services.

Here are some reasons behind the crisis:

1. Bad loans – wrong with Yes Bank

Yes Bank, a medium-sized private sector bank, first ran into trouble following the central’s bank’s asset quality reviews in 2017 and 2018, which led to sharp increases in its impaired loans ratio and uncovered significant governance lapses that resulted in a complete change of management.

Yes Bank, yet to report its third-quarter financials, has struggled to raise the capital that it needs to stay above regulatory requirements as it battles high levels of bad loans. It has been trying to raise more than $1 billion in fresh capital since late last year.

2. Sluggish economic sector

Indian authorities have been struggling to contain a crisis among shadow lenders, less tightly regulated lending and lending for riskier businesses, which has choked credit to consumers and small businesses, slowing economic growth to a 11-year low, according to Fitch Ratings.

“In the absence of a credible revival plan, and in public interest and the interest of the bank’s depositors, it had no alternative” but to seize Yes Bank, the RBI said in the statement.

In its 2020 Outlook for ‘Asia-Pacific Emerging Market Banks’, Fitch maintained a negative outlook on Indian banks, based on its expectations of continued weak performance despite trends showing the trough might have passed, and ongoing capital requirements.

3. Governance issues – wrong with Yes Bank

The bank has experienced serious governance issues and practices in recent years that led to its downfall. According to a Business Today report, the bank under-reported Non-Performing Assets to the tune of Rs 3,277 crore in 2018-19.

4. Deferring regulatory restructuring -wrong with Yes Bank

Two years ago, co-promoter Rana Kapoor was asked to step down by the RBI. Despite continued poor performance, the RBI did not place the bank under the Prompt Corrective Action framework and chose to move directly to a moratorium. According to a report in The Hindu, the central bank had flagged several concerns in recent years, including a distinct divergence between the bank’s reported financials and the RBI’s findings.

5. High withdrawals

Yes Bank’s financial condition dissuaded many depositors from keeping funds in the bank over a longer term. The bank showed a steady withdrawal of deposits, burdening its balance sheet and adding to its woes. The bank had a deposit book of Rs 2.09 lakh crore at the end of September 2019.

Here are some important things to know about the Yes Bank crisis:

Depositors rushed to ATMs for withdrawing funds from their accounts following the RBI’s move last Thursday to cap the withdrawals at Rs 50,000. While many customers claimed that the bank had not given any prior information about the move, some complained that the ATMs were out of cash.
Currently, the RBI has capped Yes Bank withdrawals at Rs 50,000 till April 3 and imposed limits on withdrawals to protect the depositors.
During this period, RBI has not allowed Yes Bank without prior permission of the RBI to make payments in excess of Rs. 50,000 to its savings, current or other account holders.
The government has prodded State Bank of India – the country’s largest bank by assets – to step into the breach and lead the planned rescue of Yes Bank.
SBI chairman Rajnish Kumar told NDTV on Monday that the current cap on withdrawals from Yes Bank accounts could be lifted “within a week”.
“I want to assure Yes Bank customers that once we (SBI) step in, they shouldn’t worry about money… The financial system is sound,” he said.
SBI has agreed to immediately invest Rs 2,450 crore to buy a 49 per cent stake in Yes Bank as part of the RBI-backed rescue deal for the troubled private sector lender.
Yes Bank’s founder and former managing director, Rana Kapoor, is in police custody until March 11 after he was arrested on money-laundering charges.
Yes Bank, weighed down by an increasing pile of bad debt, had struggled for months to raise the capital it needs to stay above regulatory requirements, without any success.
Initially, Yes Bank wanted to raise $2 billion, which was later brought down to $1.2 billion as it could not rope in any investor. In February, the bank delayed the release of its financial results for the October-December period.

Journey of the definition of NPA – Non Performing Assets

aaditya.bhatt March 10, 2020 Banking, Legal Awareness NPA, Read more on "Banking", SARFAESI

Non Performing Assets

The definition of NPA has seen a journey in the form of amendments to its originally conceived definition and various constitutional challenges. RBI issued notification, DBOD No. BP.BC/ 20 /21.04.048 /2001-2002 defined NPA – Non Performing Assets, namely, Prudential Norms on Income Recognition, Asset Classification and Provisioning – Pertaining to Advances, which summarily defines the NPA as below:

Definition:

A non performing asset (NPA) is a loan or advance for which the principal or interest payment remained overdue for a period of 90 days.

Description:

Banks are required to classify NPAs further into Substandard, Doubtful and Loss assets.

Substandard assets: Assets which has remained NPA for a period less than or equal to 12 months.
Doubtful assets: An asset would be classified as doubtful if it has remained in the substandard category for a period of 12 months.
Loss assets: As per RBI, “Loss asset is considered uncollectible and of such little value that its continuance as a bankable asset is not warranted, although there may be some salvage or recovery value.”

Historical Journey of the definition of NPA

That the Concept of NPA has seen a journey from its original definition to what it stands today.After a decade of working of the “The Recovery of Debts due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993” (“RDDBI Act”), it was felt that RDDBI Act was unable to achieve the desired result of efficiently recovering monies from the borrowers. This led to the enactment of “The Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002” (“SARFAESI Act”) in the year 2002, with an attempt to revamp the slow pace of recovery of defaulting loans and mounting levels of non-performing assets of banks and financial institutions. The SARFAESI Act provides the “Secured Creditor”, the right to enforce the security without the intervention of either the court or tribunal by following the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the SARFAESI Act. Thereafter, the constitutional validity of SARFAESI Act was challenged in Mardia Chemicals Ltd. & Others v. Union of India & Others¹ and the Supreme Court of India (“Supreme Court”) upheld the constitutional validity of SARFAESI Act save that of sub-section (2) of Section 17.²

Amendment to Section 2(1) (o) of the SARFAESI Act

Section 2(1) (o) of the SARFAESI Act defines “non-performing assets” (“NPA”) and the said definition came to be amended in 2004.³ The amended definition has been the bone of contention in various high courts across the country. While Gujarat High Court by a common judgment dated April 24, 2014 held that the amended Section 2 (1) (o) of the SARFAESI Act is unconstitutional, on the other hand, in another common judgment dated May 18, 2014, the Madras High Court rejected the challenge. Hence, aggrieved parties (i.e. borrowers or the secured creditors) filed various writ petitions invoking Article 32 of the Constitution before Supreme Court.

Constitutionality Of The Amended Definition Of NPA Upheld

Supreme Court upholds the constitutional validity of amended definition of “non-performing assets” under SARFAESI Act;
Supreme Court holds that the function of prescribing the norms for classifying a NPA is not an essential legislative function and since all creditors do not form a uniform/homogeneous class, therefore by prescribing different norms for the identification of a NPA with reference to different creditors, does not amount to unreasonable classification;
Supreme Court provides much required clarification as there existed conflicting decisions by two different High Courts on the constitutional validity of the amended definition of NPA.
Recently, by a common judgment in Keshavlal Khemchand and Sons Pvt Ltd & Ors v. Union of India & Ors, the Supreme Court decided on the writ petitions and has upheld the constitutionality of the amended definition of NPA under the SARFAESI Act.

Definition of NPA

The Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002

The Enforcement of Security Interest and Recovery of Debts Laws (Amendment) Act, 2004

2. Definitions

(1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires:

(o) “Non-Performing Asset” means an asset or account of a borrower, which has been classified by a bank or financial institution as sub-standard, doubtful or loss assets, in accordance with the directions or under guidelines relating to assets classification issued by the Reserve Bank.

2. Definitions

(1) In this Act, unless the context othe rwise requires:

(o) “Non-Performing Asset” means an asset or account of a borrower, which has been classified by a bank or financial institution, as sub-standard, doubtful or loss asset.-

(a) In case such bank or financial institution is administered or regulated by any authority or body established, constituted or appointed by any law for the time being in force, in accordance with the directions or guidelines relating to assets classifications issued by such authority or body;

(b) In any other case, in accordance with the directions or guidelines relating to assets classifications issued by the Reserve Bank.

Brief proceedings before Madras High Court

Madras High Court rejected the submission that the amended definition suffers from the vires of excessive delegation on the following premises:

In the year 1992, Reserve Bank of India (“RBI”) introduced the prudential norms of “income recognition, asset classification, provisioning and other related matters” and such norms were revised periodically keeping in mind various developments in the banking system, both nationally and internationally.
RBI in exercise of the statutory authority under Sections 21 and 35A of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 prescribes norms for the various aspects of banking specified under the SARFAESI Act.
Parliament while defining a non-performing asset under Section 2 (1) (o) of the SARFAESI Act only adopted the norms prescribed from time to time by the RBI for the purpose of identifying the NPA.

Brief proceedings before Gujarat High Court

Gujarat High Court (“Gujarat HC“) opined that the amended definition of the expression “NPA” creates two classes of borrowers and in this context, while one class of borrowers are governed by the guidelines issues by the RBI, the other class of borrowers are governed by the guidelines issued by different authorities⁴. Gujarat HC relying on the statement of objects and reasons of the SARFAESI Act, held that the Parliament deviated from the original aims and objects propounded by it. It also took note of the fact that Supreme Court in Mardia Chemicals repelled the attack on the original definition of a NPA on the ground that the creditors are bound by the policy guidelines issued by the RBI, and therefore, there is no possibility of the creditors arbitrarily or whimsically classifying the account of any borrower as a NPA. Accordingly, it was concluded that the deviation from the original objects and reasons would be violative of Article 14 of the Constitution of India.

Issues

The issue before Supreme Court was to test the constitutional validity of the definition of NPA. In particular, the Supreme Court examined the following aspects:

Whether by delegating the responsibility to an authority or body to frame the guidelines for asset classification under the amended definition of NPA amounts to delegation of essential legislative function?
Whether the different standards for arriving at the definition of NPA (in effect the differentiation between two classes of borrowers) amounts to a violation of Article 14 of the Constitution?

Contentions

Petitioner:

The Petitioner submitted that:

by authorizing various bodies to frame guidelines for classifying borrower’s account as “NPA“, the same abdicated Parliament’s essential legislative function by making an excessive delegation;
the un-amended Section 2(1)(o) of the SARFAESI Act provided an uniform standard for classification of “NPA” by applying the guidelines issued by the RBI, while the amended provision enables different Creditors to adopt different guidelines prescribing different standards for NPA classification. Such an amendment is violative of Article 14 of the Constitution of India as it amounts to a class legislation forbidden by Article 14 of the Constitution;
The SARFAESI Act recognizes the possibility of acquisition of a “financial asset” of a Creditor by either a “securitization company” or a “reconstruction company” creating uncertainty in the application of the guidelines appropriate for classification of an account of a borrower as a NPA and purely depending on who the current holder of such financial asset is when the proceedings under Section 13 are sought to be invoked.
The SARFAESI Act does not provide for a reasonable opportunity to demonstrate that the classification of the borrower’s account as a NPA is untenable, the power to make such a classification itself becomes arbitrary and violative of Article 14 of the Constitution.

Respondent:

The Respondent submitted that:

the assessment of an account of borrower as NPA depends upon innumerable factors which constantly keep changing, as a result it was deemed fit that such assessment should be made in light of the guidelines made by either the RBI or various other regulators regulating the activities of various creditors. There is no delegation of any essential legislative functions.
the classification of NPA to be made on the basis of the guidelines framed by different bodies regulating different creditors is not constitutionally permissible having regard to the nature of the different credit facilities extended by various creditors to different categories of borrowers and on different terms and conditions.
even assuming that assets are acquired either by a secularization company or a reconstruction company and therefore governed by guidelines other than those promulgated by the RBI, it has not been demonstrated that such guidelines are less favourable to the borrowers than the guidelines prescribed by RBI.

Judgment

Supreme Court upheld the amended definition of NPA considering the below mentioned aspects and analyzing them at length.

First, Supreme Court observed that if NPA is sought to be defined and holistically made applicable to millions of cases of loan transactions of various categories of loans and advances, lent or made by different categories of Creditors for all times to come, it would not only be an impracticable task but could also simply paralyse the entire banking system thereby producing results which are counter productive to the object and the purpose sought to be achieved by the SARFAESI Act. Realizing the same, the Parliament left it to the RBI and other regulators to prescribe guidelines from time to time in this regard.
Second, the Supreme Court held that the function of prescribing norms for classifying a borrower’s account as a NPA is not an essential legislative function. According to Supreme Court, Parliament is only stipulating that the expression “NPA” must be understood by all the Creditors in the same sense in which such expression is understood by the expert body i.e., the RBI or other Regulators which are in turn is subject to the supervision of the RBI. Supreme Court held that the amended definition of NPA is not bad on account of excessive delegation of essential legislative function.
Third, Supreme Court held that it is not necessary that legislature should define every expression it employs in a statute. If such a process is insisted upon, legislative activity and consequentially governance comes to a standstill. Supreme Court observed that if a statute does not contain the definition of a particular expression employed in it, it becomes the duty of the courts to expound the meaning of the undefined expressions in accordance with the well-established rules of statutory interpretation.
Finally, Supreme Court held that as all the creditors do not form a uniform/homogeneous class, and therefore by prescribing different norms for the identification of a NPA with reference to different creditors does not amount to unreasonable classification. According to Supreme Court, there are innumerable differences among the creditors based on the legal structure of the creditors’ organization, differences based upon the nature of the loan advanced by them, and differences based on the terms and conditions subject to which such loans or advances are made by each of those creditors, etc.

Analysis

This is a landmark decision by the Supreme Court so far as it provides clarification on the conflicting approaches taken by various High Courts while deciding on the constitutional validity of the amended definition of NPA under the SARFAESI Act. The decision of the Supreme Court is well reasoned and based on the premise that there is a need for some amount of delegated legislation in the modern world considering the banking norms and guidelines laid down by various regulatory bodies for different class of creditors. Supreme Court`s analysis towards upholding the constitutional validity of the amended definition of NPA, while relying on the classification protected under Article 14 of the Constitution and principles of administrative law is appealing to say the least. More importantly, the Supreme Court has once again opined that the powers delegated to RBI for rule making are consistent with Section 21 and 35-A of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.

Footnotes

2004 4 SCC 311
Subsequently, Section 17 (2) was amended by The Enforcement of Security Interest and Recovery of Debts Laws (Amendment) Act, 2004
The Enforcement of Security Interest and Recovery of Debts Laws (Amendment) Act, 2004
Extract from Gujarat High Court Judgment: “23. Thus, borrowers are divided into two different classes; First, the borrowers in respect of the Banks and Financial Institutions which are administered or regulated by an authority or body established, constituted or appointed by any law for the time being in force, and in those cases, it will be for that authority or body to frame the guidelines for asset classification and, secondly, the borrowers in respect of all other cases not covered by clause (a), and in respect of those cases, it will be in accordance with the directions or guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank for asset classification.

Are you Dealing with Bounced or Dishonoured Cheque?

deeppatelj January 31, 2016 Banking, Legal Awareness Bounce chequeDishonour of Cheque is a Serious Offence, Business, Dishonor of Cheque, dishonoured cheque, Reasons for Dishonouring a Cheque by a Bank, What is a Cheque, When a Banker is Justified in Refusing Payment

Lets understand in detail how to deal with Bounced or Dishonoured cheque

What is a Cheque?

As per Section 6 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 provides that “a Cheque is a bill of exchange drawn on a specified banker and not expressed to be payable otherwise than on demand and it includes the electronic image of a truncated Cheque and a Cheque in the electronic form.”

Reasons for Dishonouring a Cheque by a Bank

The principal reasons for dishonoring the cheque are as follows: –

A cheque is not in proper conditions specified in the Negotiable Instrument Act.
A drawer signature’s on cheque differs from specimen signatures recorded with the bank.
A cheque is stale (in circulation for more than 6 months) or postdated.
Amount expressed in words and figures differ.
Cheque mutilated (cut torn part of cheque missing)
Material alternations (change in date, crossing, amount, name of payee etc. on cheque) need confirmation by the drawer.
Over writing or order cheque not properly authorizes.
Do not tally with directions contained in the crossing.

When a Banker is Justified in Refusing Payment

A banker is justified in refusing payment of a customer’s cheque on the happening of any one of the following events.

Notice of the customer to refuse payment of the cheque.
Notice of the customer’s death.
Notice of the customer’s insanity
Notice of the customer’s bankruptcy.
In case of a company, notice of its winding up.
Notice of a court order.
In case of trust accounts receipt of information that the customer contemplates a breach of trust.

Dishonour of Cheque is a Serious Offence

Dishonor of cheques is a criminal offence under section 138 to 142 of the Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881 by an amendment.

In order to make a person liable for Charges/ prosecution, the following criteria/ conditions must met –
The cheque is presented within its validity from its date.
A demand notice is sent by the Payee (person/ company/ entity on name the check is issued) to the drawer (person/ company/ entity issued the check) within 30 days from the Payee’s receiving the dishonor instruction/ report from Bank;
The drawer (person/ company/ entity issued the check) of the cheque not been able to pay the amount mentioned on the check to the person check is issued within 15 days of receipt of the notice;
Complaint is to be made only by the payee or holder in due course;
Cheque which is dishonored must be issued for the discharge/payment of a debt or any other liability, which is legally enforceable. Thus, an action cannot be initiated for the dishonor of a cheque that is given as a gift.
The offence is committed only when the cheque is dishonored and not when it is issued, Example: – At the time of its issuance of the cheque, there is no balance in his account, the drawer commits no offence if, when the payee present the cheque in the bank, he arranges the payment with the bank and the check is honored/ passed/ paid by the bank.

Procedure for Action

Notice should be sent within period of 30 days from the date of the bounce of the check.
For Limited Companies and Partnership concerns, notice should be sent to the Company, the Partners concern and to all the Directors / Partners also.
For proprietary firms, notice should be addressed to the Proprietor only.
Notice should be sent preferably by
i. Speed Post with Acknowledgement Due (SPAD)
ii. Registered Post with Acknowledgement Due (RPAD)
iii. Postal receipt to be kept as the proof of dispatch.
iv. AD card to be kept along with the notice and Postal receipt.
v. If AD card does not come back or received without signature or date is not clearly mentioned then delivery confirmation receipt have to receive form the post office.
During the 15 days’ time period to make payment from the party it is advisable to follow up with it to put pressure and if the party would not pay the dues then preparation must begin for filing of the complaint after expiry of 15 days period within 45 days from the date of the receipt of the notice by the Party.
A cheque cannot be presented after a notice has already been sent to the party.
After filing the complaint in the Court, a verification statement is sworn before the Magistrate and original documents are produced in the Court. Then the Court issues Summons against the accused persons named in the complaint. If in case the accused persons do not attend the Court after service of summons, the Court would issue first Bail able Warrant and then Non-bail able Warrant.
Where the accused has been declared absconder and Proclamation has been issued, the Magistrate on being satisfied can order the attachment of the property of the accused, the attached property will vest in the hands of the Government; Complainant can only participate in bidding for the purchase of the said property if Government decides to sell it.Banks Dealing with Dishonour of Cheques of Value Less than “1 crore”(i) Returning time for dishonoured chequesThe dishonored Cheques are required to be returned / dispatched to the customer promptly without delay, in any case within 24 hours of dishonor.
(ii) Procedure for return/dispatch of dishonoured cheques
a) The payee branch should return dishonoured cheques presented through clearing houses strictly as per the return discipline prescribed for respective clearing house in terms of Uniform Regulations and Rules for Bankers’ Clearing Houses.
b) The collecting branch on receipt of such dishonoured cheques should dispatch it immediately to the payees / holders within 24 hours of receipt of the instruments.
c) If cheques presented directly to the payee branch across the counter branch should return such dishonoured cheques to the payees/ holders same day/or next day, in case of dishonour due to insufficiency of fund.
d) Cheques dishonoured should be returned along with a memo ofreason for dishonor by bank.(iii) Frequent dishonor for the same account
a) If the dishonour of a cheque of value of less than rupees one crore drawn on a particular account of the drawer on 4 occasions during the financial year for insufficient funds in the account, no fresh cheque book would be issued and branch may close the account after issuing 30 days’.
b) The branch may consider closing current account with the prior and proper notice to the customer. However, in respect of advances accounts such as cash credit account, overdraft account, the need for continuance or otherwise of these credit facilities and the cheque facility relating to these accounts should be reviewed by appropriate authority.
c) If an account is having cheque book facility and ECS mandate is also registered, then the incidents of dishonour will be taken into account both for dishonour of cheque and failed ECS for computing the number of dishonour of cheques/failed ECSs.

Branch may consider for closing the account after serving 30 days’ notice to the customer in the event of subsequent dishonour of cheque/ ECS mandate in the account.