Step 1: Identify the order and the source of power

Every government order rests on some source of authority — a statute, a rule, a regulation, a notification, a scheme, a government resolution or an executive instruction. The first task is to identify which one, and to read it.

Step 2: Establish that the respondent is amenable to writ jurisdiction

Article 226 operates against the State, statutory authorities, instrumentalities of the State, and bodies discharging a public function. A purely private body acting in a purely contractual capacity is generally outside it.

A related limit should be noted: the judicial orders of civil courts are not amenable to a writ of certiorari under Article 226. That was settled in Radhey Shyam v. Chhabi Nath, (2015) 5 SCC 423, by a Bench of three Judges on 26 February 2015, which overruled Surya Dev Rai v. Ram Chander Rai, (2003) 6 SCC 675 on the point. Such orders are challenged under Article 227 instead.

Step 3: Choose the grounds

Judicial review of administrative action in India proceeds on recognised grounds. A petition should be built on one or more of them, stated separately.

Absence or excess of jurisdiction. The authority had no power to pass the order, or exceeded the power it had, or acted under a provision that does not apply.

Violation of the principles of natural justice. No notice was given, no opportunity of hearing was afforded before an adverse order, the material relied upon was not disclosed, or the person who heard the matter was not the person who decided it. Where the order carries civil consequences, a hearing is ordinarily required even if the statute is silent.

Arbitrariness and violation of Article 14. State action must be fair, reasonable and non-arbitrary. Treating similarly placed persons differently without a rational basis, or departing from a published policy without explanation, engages this ground.

Irrelevant considerations and non-application of mind. The authority took into account matters it should have ignored, ignored matters it was bound to consider, or passed a mechanical order that discloses no consideration of the case at all.

Absence of reasons. An order affecting rights should disclose the reasons for it. A non-speaking order is vulnerable, because neither the affected person nor the Court can test the basis of the decision.

Breach of the enabling statute or rules. A mandatory procedural requirement — a prior notice, a prescribed period, a required consultation, a mandatory approval — was not complied with.

Mala fides. Rarely pleaded successfully, because it requires specific particulars and cannot be inferred from an adverse outcome alone. Where it is pleaded, the officer concerned should ordinarily be joined by name.

Vires. The rule, notification or provision under which the order was passed is itself beyond the enabling Act or unconstitutional.

Notably absent from this list is disagreement on the merits. That an authority could reasonably have decided otherwise is not, by itself, a ground.

Step 4: Deal with the alternative remedy

Most government orders carry a statutory appeal or revision. Where such a remedy exists, the High Court will ordinarily require it to be exhausted first.

The rule is one of self-restraint rather than an absolute bar. In Whirlpool Corporation v. Registrar of Trade Marks, Mumbai, (1998) 8 SCC 1, decided on 26 October 1998, the Supreme Court identified contingencies where an alternative remedy does not stand in the way: enforcement of a fundamental right, violation of the principles of natural justice, an order or proceeding wholly without jurisdiction, and a challenge to the vires of a statute.

That said, the Supreme Court has been notably stricter where the statute contains its own complete machinery, particularly in fiscal and recovery matters: see United Bank of India v. Satyawati Tondon, (2010) 8 SCC 110, and CIT v. Chhabil Dass Agarwal, (2014) 1 SCC 603. A petitioner who goes straight to the writ court must plead, in the petition itself, why the statutory remedy is not efficacious in the circumstances.

Step 5: Move promptly

Article 226 prescribes no limitation period, but the jurisdiction is discretionary, and delay is a recognised ground of refusal — especially where the order has been acted upon, or where third parties have acquired rights in the meantime. Where there has been delay, explain it in the petition rather than leave the Court to draw its own conclusion from the dates.

Step 6: Draft and file

In the Gujarat High Court, such a challenge is instituted as a Special Civil Application. The essential contents are the facts in numbered paragraphs, the grounds stated separately, and a prayer that identifies precisely what is to be quashed and what direction is sought — commonly relief in the nature of certiorari to quash the order together with mandamus directing the authority to decide afresh in accordance with law.

The annexures are what decide the case: the impugned order; the show-cause notice or communication that preceded it; the reply submitted; the statute, rules or policy relied upon; the representations made and any response; and any comparable orders relevant to a plea of discrimination.

Fixed court fee applies. Under Article 1(f) of Schedule II to the Gujarat Court-fees Act, 2004, a petition under Article 226 for a purpose other than enforcement of a fundamental right attracts one hundred rupees, and a petition enforcing a fundamental right, or invoking Article 227, attracts fifty rupees.

Where the order will be acted upon before the petition can be heard, interim relief should be sought in the petition itself, with the prayer specifying exactly what is to be stayed.

What the Court can do

If a challenge to a government order succeeds, the usual outcome is not that the Court substitutes its own decision for that of the authority. It may quash the impugned order and remit the matter to the authority for fresh consideration in accordance with law. After following the correct procedure, the authority may, depending on the circumstances, reach the same conclusion again. Where the authority had no power to act, or where remand would serve no useful purpose, the Court may instead grant appropriate final relief directly.

That is worth understanding at the outset. Judicial review is a remedy about legality and process. Its value lies in compelling the State to act within its powers and to give affected persons a fair hearing — not in transferring the decision from the authority to the Court.

FAQ

Legal Information Disclaimer

This article is published for general legal information and educational purposes only. It reflects the position of Indian law as researched up to 10 August 2026 and may not account for subsequent amendments, notifications, rule changes or judicial developments. It is not legal advice, does not take into account any individual’s particular facts or circumstances, and no advocate-client relationship arises from reading it. Outcomes in litigation depend on the specific facts of each case and on procedural requirements in force at the relevant time. Readers dealing with an actual dispute should obtain independent professional advice from a qualified advocate of their own choosing before acting on any information contained here.

Sources / Authorities

• Constitution of India, Articles 14, 226 and 227 — India Code, https://www.indiacode.nic.in
• Whirlpool Corporation v. Registrar of Trade Marks, Mumbai, (1998) 8 SCC 1, decided 26 October 1998 — exceptions to the alternative-remedy rule — https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1885496/
• United Bank of India v. Satyawati Tondon, (2010) 8 SCC 110
• CIT v. Chhabil Dass Agarwal, (2014) 1 SCC 603
• Radhey Shyam v. Chhabi Nath, (2015) 5 SCC 423, three-Judge Bench, decided 26 February 2015 — https://indiankanoon.org/doc/34295630/
• Surya Dev Rai v. Ram Chander Rai, (2003) 6 SCC 675 — overruled on the certiorari point
• Gujarat Court-fees Act, 2004, Schedule II, Article 1(f) — https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4551/1/h-153_the_gujarat_court_fees_act_2004_dt21-02-2024.pdf

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